In the personality development , Sigmund Freud divides psychoanalysis of human mind into three divisions. First is Id for basic personality. It’s original system of personality that represent at birth. Id is a part of the mind for responsible to all energy needed for activate the mind such as food, water, warmth, love, and sex, and no contact with reality. Id strives constantly for satisfying instinctual desire and serves the pleasure principle. If Id is not satisfied, Id try to eliminate the tension as soon as possible, for example when a hungry child, the Id want food and therefore the child cried. The id may create a mental image or fantasy of the object or person to satisfy needs. The Id process tries to find the pleasure and filled with energy received from the insticts and charged for satisfaction for the pleasure principle. The secondary process function is Ego. Ego cover out of the Id and work based reality principle. Ego also brings individual pleasure with the norms of society for regulate and control the Id and changed to realistic.
The last process is Superego. Superego work around awareness and develop during the children. When children begin to understand a lot of their impulses as biting and bedwetting are not accepted with their parents, they begin correcting the values of their parents as their own value to obtain parental approval and avoid disapproval punishment.From the personality development we could be knowing unconsciousness in childhood its happen from the id and ego.
Social psychology is concerned with our
understanding of other people and multi participant situations. Personality
psychology is learn about personality traits how human individual its unique
from the others, concern for self actualization are more important for
understanding the past like introversion, extroversion, to created and express
themselves for measuring features. Cognitive psychologist investigate
perception, memory, thought, knowledge, and problem solving.
Developmental
psychology investigates how mental capacities and processes are transformed
during life, in particular during childhood and adolescence. Clinical
psychologist is the application of clinical methods for treat pathological
deviant behavioursm with psychology processes.
In Clinical psychologist study
there is a theory about mental illness. A mental illness is a general term that
refers to a group of illness that affect the brain. According to estimates
given in WHO’S World Health Report 2001 about 450 million people suffer from
mental disorder snd it found in people of all religions, all countries and all
society.20 Some of the major types are depression, anxiety, schizophrenia,
bipolar disorder, and personality disorders.
Personality disorder is a mental disorder comes from
the side effects of anxiety and individual’s personality separates from his/
her conscious functioning. Dissociative
identity disorder formerly known as a complex personality disorder is a mental
disorder that comes from childhood (3 -11 years) and adolescence (12 -18 years)
.They usually has a traumatic experience and occur repeatedly resulting alters
different formation of two or more personality. Actually the two of these
personalities; is the one body’s with different of memory, name, and
character.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a psychiatrist
named Richard Kluft maked a statement for commonly dissociative disorder can be
defined as the loss of several or all of the normal condition under
unconsciousness that includes memories of the past, personality of identity,
decreased awareness of immidiate surroundings - sensation as a cause for delutions
and hallucinations, with one of these
identity takes control of the person's behavior and influence the body
movement. The individual from
dissociative identity disorder, is unable to remember important personal events
or a precious moment and shape their new identity for defense mechanism, first
alters is covered their personal daily activities and second is more brave to
confront social and cultural issues. The diagnosis problem of people with
dissociative disorder is complicated because the symptoms are not consistent
and changing over time, the both of individual might be mixed disease on mood
disturbance and personality disorder.
In
progress, woman and man has a similar dissociative identity disorder symptoms.
Lauren, Black, and Keen described dissociative disorder roled because amnesia
dissociative, dissociative fugue, disturbance depersonalization and
dissociative identity disorder.
The disorder that we currently call schizopherenia
was first identified as a disease by
German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926).
Kraepelin’s description of the disorder has
lasted, the name he gave it was soon replaced. In 1911, a Swiss psychiatrist
Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939) changed the term Dementia Praecox into
schizophrenia. Eugen Bleuler stated that
schizophrenia was marked by splitting of mental associations and thought by
divorce of mental process from feeling and behavior. There are two concern
symptoms of schizophrenia is a positive symptoms by delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized thought and speech, and bizarre motor behavior; from negative
symptoms this refers to reduced ability or lack of ability to function
normally: the person may have a disturbances problems with concentration,
attention for personal hygiene, or have a loss of interest in everyday activities
and withdrawal from socialities.
The American Psychiatric Association has claims the
symptoms of schizophrenia come from the Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental
Disorders (DSM), namely: DSM IV. There are three phases of schizophrenia
evolution:
1. Prodromal
Prodmoral / Promorbid is the phase of schizophrenia
before the patients into the active phase. Individual shows progressive
deterioration in social and interpersonal function. This phase is characterized
by several maladaptive behaviours, influenced inability to work productively,
social withdrawal, difficult sleep, and poor grooming.37
2. Active
Phase
In the active phase, more than 6 month patient
begins showing prominent psychotic symptoms on delusions, hallucinations,
disorganized speech, and so forth. The active phase indicates full development
of the disorder. When extreme symptoms the hospitalization treatment is
necessary.
3.
Residual
This is the final phase of
schizophrenia, from diagnosed when a person has a history of prominent
schizophrenic symptoms. His/ her may still be experiencing delusions, hearing
voices, or showing some signs of disorganized speech or other positive symptoms
typical of schizophrenia, but the intensity has decreased significantly. The
symptoms are no longer as severe as they were when she was acutely ill, but
indicators of the disorder are still evident.
The Symptoms of Schizophrenia and Related
Disorder
Disturbance of mind is characteristic of
schizophrenia, this may occur in content, form and thought process. Disturbance
in thought content reflects the ideas, beliefs and interpretation of stimulus.
1. Delusions
Delusions is the idea or ideas or opinions that an
individual believes a truth that does not actually exist. Most delusion fall
into certain patterns: Delusions of being control (or also called Delusions of
influence) is believed thoughts, feelings, and behavior are controlled by
external force. Throught broadcasting delusions individual minds can be heard
by others, as if the thought emitted into the air. Delutions of reference:
Belief the events or comment are directed at them with specific purpose and a
negative against him/her. People with delusions of reference believe when the
newscaster on the local television news is reporting on their movements or that
the comments of local politician at rally are directed to them. Delusions of
grandeur: The mistaken belief that he was a famous and powerful person like
she/he is a star and also could be regard to the importance of power, and a
personal identity. Persecutory delusion: is the mistaken belief that he/she had
been tortured, stalked, or become the victim of a conspiracy of people. Suppose
that intelligence agents and police cooperated to arrest him. Delutions of sin
and guilt: that belief that one has committed “the unpardonable sin” or has
inflicted great harm on others. For example, schizophrenic patients may claim,
that they have killed their children. Erotomanic delusions that another person,
is in really love with her.
2. Hallucination
Hallucinations are symptoms where someone sees
something that does not actually exist, see something strange like seeing
someone when no one was near you. When a person having hallucinations, commonly
sees, smells, or feels that no one else can see, hear, smell, or feel. It is
called auditory hallucinations when a person hearing voices or music for
commanding him/her to do something.Other types of hallucinations are visual
hallucinations ( seeing people, objects or frightening things that are no there
), somatic hallucinations ( schizophrenic feel like there something touches
their bodies ), olfactory hallucinations (smelling things that aren’t there and
other people can no detect), gustatory hallucinations (tasted things that are
not there). Hypnocompic hallucinations are arise in someone hallucinations
where as if she was awake but actually she sleep. These types of hallucinations
often experienced by schizophrenic even though not all the types are all
experienced at the same time.
3. Catatonia
In 1843, French neurologist and psychiatrist Jules
Baillarger described a syndrome in which patients appeared in unconsciousness
phase, with fixed gaze, a facial expression of frozen astonishment, muteness,
and indifference. The condition later became known as catatonia.
Originally catatonia was believed to be a type of
schizophrenia, but more recent studies found that more than one quarter of
patients with mania depression from result negative emotions and influences the
soul. For the newest progress, catatonia is considered a neurotic syndrome
associated with several other conditions including post-traumatic stress
disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression. Catatonia in severely depressed
people has similar physical symptoms as those with catatonic schizophrenia.
Characteristic of schizophrenia, this may occur in several content catatonic
excitement: the body moves excitedly and gesture wildly because of overage
stimulus dopamine respond , catatonic posturing the client holds bizarre
postures for several time for example, like a hand flaping, catatonic stupor
the slowed motor activity, often to the point of stop motion and unaware of
surroundings, and waxing flexibility individuals can be formed in a certain
position and purposed silent then not moved and give any attention to the
environment such as stayed on the place or shape attitudes doll.
4. Disorganized of Thought and Speech
Schizophrenic speech often shows a loosening of
associations. Ideas jump from one track to another, with no one regulate and continue
of the topic. A person with schizophrenia may answer questions with comments
that are barely related to the questions or are completely unrelated to the
questions. For example, when someone asked why he is on the hospital, a man
with schizophrenia might answer “Spaghetti looks like worms. I really think
it’s worms”. At the times, the person’s speech is so disorganized as to be
totally incoherent to the listener, when it is often referred to as word salad.
Blocking: cessation of thought suddenly, before the idea or thought content
delivered completed; after a pause, the man showed signs that he can not recall
what he was said previously.
5. Disorder
of Mood
Affective or mood
symptoms in schizophrenia should be relatively by first episode symptoms such
as depression. In general, from Herberner and Harlow 2002, there are two
patterns of mood disorder: one is reduce emotional responsiveness, known either
as blunted affect (when the patient show little emotion) or flat affect (when
the patient shows no emotion). The second pattern of schizophrenic mood
disturbance is innapropriate affect, the expression of emotions for unbalance
situation.
6. Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a condition
typical with repetitive thoughts (obsessive) that makes people anxious. Them
addiction to eliminate impulse worries thoughts with action / repetitive
rituals (compulsions) such as washing hands. Usually the obsessive compulsive
person is strives to be perfect and cleanest. Another characteristic is a
devotion to work at the expense of leisure, they work harder than they need to
at night and on weekends and rarely take time off. They also obey with regard
to ethics and morals, set high principles for themselves and tend to follow the
law. They are highly conscientious and threat others well. They often have trouble working with others
because they wanted independent. The weakness of this person is stubborn and
inflexible to express their behavior, sometimes they are also inferior.45
7. Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is a type
of anxiety disorder. A person with agoraphobia is afraid to leave familiar
place they know and chosing to be safe. In serious case, a person with
agoraphobia considers their home to be the only safe to them. Agoraphobia means ‘fear of the marketplace’
such as supermarket, shopping centres, trams, trains, planes and airports are
feared the most. They are afraid to can not runaway in the public place if felt
weakness from anxiety and panic attact.
8. Dependent Personality Disorder
The dependent
personality disorder is an excessive need to be take care of, to be coddled,
and told what to do. The dependent personality is difficult to make desicions,
and need suggestion from others. The dependent person rarely takes the
initiative. Because of their fear of losing the help and advice of others, and
avoid disagreements with those on whom they are dependent. Dependent
personalities might even agree with decisions or opinions that they feel wrong
to avoid angering the persons on whom they depend. They may tolerate extreme
circumstances to obtain reasurance and support from others.
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